Atlantis Lemuria Thule Mu Hyperborea Lost Continents

[Marduk2012 Profile]

The Story of Atlantis so far:

1592 Typus Orbis Terrarum by Abraham Ortelius (left), which shares an uncanny likeness with Kircher’s Atlantis (right, reoriented with north toward the top). They correctly depict a recessed southeastern coastline interrupted by the Rio de la Plata, but both also present erroneous depictions of a straight western coastline as well as a blunt west to east rising southern tip.

Over 11,000 years ago there existed an island nation located in the middle of the Atlantic ocean populated by a noble and powerful race. The people of this land possessed great wealth thanks to the natural resources found throughout their island. The island was a center for trade and commerce. The rulers of this land held sway over the people and land of their own island and well into Europe and Africa.



This was the island of Atlantis.


A map showing the supposed extent of the Atlantean Empire. From Ignatius L. Donnelly's Atlantis: the Antediluvian World, 1882.

Atlantis was the domain of Poseidon, god of the sea. When Poseidon fell in love with a mortal woman, Cleito, he created a dwelling at the top of a hill near the middle of the island and surrounded the dwelling with rings of water and land to protect her. Cleito gave birth to five sets of twin boys who became the first rulers of Atlantis. The island was divided among the brothers with the eldest, Atlas, first King of Atlantis, being given control over the central hill and surrounding areas. At the top of the central hill, a temple was built to honor Poseidon which housed a giant gold statue of Poseidon riding a chariot pulled by winged horses. It was here that the rulers of Atlantis would come to discuss laws, pass judgments, and pay tribute to Poseidon..




Approximate outer limits of Atlantis at its greatest extent. Vertical-stripe pattern indicates “protruding portions within this [Atlantis] that must have at one time or another been a portion” of the legendary lost continent. MAR = Mid-Atlantic Ridge; FZ = fracture zone.

If you think Plato was telling the truth in Timaeus and Critias then Atlantis is located somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. One of the more likely places would be around the Azores Islands. The Azores are a group of islands belonging to Portugal located about 900 miles (1500 km) west of the Portugese coast. Some people believe the islands are the mountain tops of the sunken continent of Atlantis.


To facilitate travel and trade, a water canal was cut through of the rings of land and water running south for 5.5 miles (~9 km) to the sea. The city of Atlantis sat just outside the outer ring of water and spread across the plain covering a circle of 11 miles (1.7 km). This was a densely populated area where the majority of the population lived.

Beyond the city lay a fertile plain 330 miles (530 km) long and 110 miles (190 km) wide surrounded by another canal used to collect water from the rivers and streams of the mountains. The climate was such that two harvests were possible each year. One in the winter fed by the rains and one in the summer fed by irrigation from the canal.

Surrounding the plain to the north were mountains which soared to the skies. Villages, lakes, rivers, and meadows dotted the mountains.Besides the harvests, the island provided all kinds of herbs, fruits, and nuts. An abundance of animals, including elephants, roamed the island. For generations the Atlanteans lived simple, virtuous lives. But slowly they began to change. Greed and power began to corrupt them. When Zeus saw the immorality of the Atlanteans he gathered the other gods to determine a suitable punishment. Soon, in one violent surge it was gone. The island of Atlantis, its people, and its memory were swallowed by the sea.

This is a summary of the story told by Plato around 360 BC in his dialogues Timaeus and Critias. These writings of Plato are the only specific known references to Atlantis. They have prompted controversy and debate for over two thousand years now.


A 15th-century Latin translation of Plato's Timaeus


The Atlantic Ocean Floor


Image of the Atlantic Ocean in special coloring in order to show the profile of the Atlantic Ocean floor. (Blue color is proportional to depth)

We can clearly distinguish something like a huge ridge or a small continental plate between Spain and the Northern American Continent. Further The North Atlantic Ocean floor looks like to be lowered from the line Ireland-New Foundland until the line Liberia-French Ginee. It seems to me that the all-over depth of the Northern part of the Atlantic Ocean is a lot lower than the all-over depth of the Southern part of the Atlantic Ocean as well as the all-over depth of the other oceans. Thus considering that this part of the ocean could have been lowered by some cataclysmic event. This picture has been used to create the correction data which is used to put the all-over depth of the Northern Atlantic back to the corresponding all-over depth of the remaining oceans. Then the other oceans are only deep there where the continental plates run into each other but not there where the continental plates run away from each other. It is still possible that the southern part was lowered to, but I did not find any visible sign of this, besides the Cogo River canyon, which runs until a depth of 2'000 meters, but it is the only one. Than in case of a lowering of the southern part of the Atlantic ocean, the South American Amazone river should have had a similar canyon to, but I did not find any sign of one.


The mid Atlantic ridge around the Acores islands


Map of the island of Atlantis, picture obtained by correcting the northern Atlantic region up, so that the overall depth matches the overall depth of the southern Atlantic ocean and the overall depth of the other oceans.

The north pole is positioned such that the pole is on the center of the predeluvian ice-cap, there where one would expect it to be.

The total size of the map is 4'800 Kms by 7'080 Kms, and the island itself is about 1'450 Kms wide and 3'200 Kms long, and the tail is about 2'000 Kms. This leaves in south center part place for a plain of about 500 Kms by 200 Kms, corresponding to the sizes mentioned by Plato, considering a foot to be between 25 Cm and 40 Cm, then the exact size of a Atlatean foot remains today unknown. The even Europe had in the past as many sizes for foots and inches as there were kings and towns. The Frech revolution and Napoleon did put an end to this nonsense.

Dont forget Plato's writing « There are remaining only the bones of the wasted body, as they may called, as in the case of small islands, all the richer and softer parts of the soil having fallen away » so do not expect to find much leftovers of this island, and anyway diving down there with a vehicle with a sight of no more 10 meters searching for any trace in an area of 1'450 Kms by 3'200 Kms looks like predicting the stock market by analyzing the Wallstreet Journal with a microscope.

However heavy constructions like pyramids and parts being digged out of the rocks to make place for canals should still be visible (in fact, the map does show such a canal of about 550 kms long !!), as well the remains of the sacred memorials.

Atlantis & The Minoan Civilization

There are some compelling similarites between the destruction of Thera and the destruction of Atlantis.....
For

* The island of Thera, a volcanic island, was destroyed around 1500 BC by an explosion which caused more than half of the island to sink into the sea.
* Artifacts found on the island indicate a sophisticated culture, probably part of the Minoan Civilization.
* There is evidence pointing to trade between the Minoans and Egyptians. The Egyptians would certainly have been aware of the destruction or at least the tremedous damage done to one of their trading partners.
* We'll examine this possibility in more detail in upcoming issues of Enigma.

Against

* Proponents of this theory claim that Plato's date of 9000 years ago should really have been 900 years ago: somewhere along the line either Solon or Plato made a mistake. If the story was 900 years ago it would place Atlantis in the time frame of the Minoan civilization on Crete and Thera. Conveniently overlooked in this thinking is that in Timaeus the priest tells Solon that ancient Athens and Atlantis preceeded Egypt by a thousand years. Egypt however existed and was known to have existed since long before 1500 BC, the time of Crete and Thera. The times just don't add up unless you assume the Egyptian priest was ignorant of his own recorded history.

The Atlantis Google Earth Anomaly



Since the days of Plato, the lost city of Atlantis has captivated the imagination of many. The city, if you don’t already know, was said to be a naval power located roughly 600 miles west of the Canary Islands…until it sank.



While browsing through Google Earth’s new underwater search tool, British aeronautical engineer Bernie Bamford sighted a mysterious grid of undersea lines. The strange pattern was spotted in the Atlantic ocean, west of Morocco in North Africa, close to one of the possible sites of the legendary island.
The story was reported by The Daily Telegraph – a national UK newspaper – as well as by UK Tabloid Sun (always a good source . However, Google later confirmed that the Atlantic floor pattern, measuring about the size of Wales, was an ‘artefact’ of its map-making process.(?!?) The maps are made using sonar measurements of the sea floor recorded by boats. The area in question was mapped by boats traveling in straight lines, a Google spokeswoman revealed.



“It’s true that many amazing discoveries have been made in Google Earth including a pristine forest in Mozambique that is home to previously unknown species and the remains of an Ancient Roman villa. In this case, however, what users are seeing is an artifact of the data collection process,” she said.
Whether we are roaming the globe with Google Earth, descending into the depths of our genes or traveling to the outskirts of the universe, our world view is fundamentally shaped through interfaces.



MU



A Pacific counterpart to Atlantis, Mu is supposed to have been a large continent in the middle of the ocean and the home of an advanced civilisation, having sunk beneath the waves many thousands of years ago. The civilisation of Mu is said to have influenced both the Chinese and the native American civilisations, and created the mysterious statues on Easter Island. There’s little to no scientific evidence for this theory, which can be classified as a myth of the ‘wishful thinking’ school.





The idea of Mu first surfaced in the 19th century, in the writings of French antiquarian, traveler and author Augustus Le Plongeon (1825-1908). He claimed to have translated Mayan texts referring to an ancient continent named Mu. When this continent sank into the ocean, its survivors founded the Mayan civilisation.



The Mu idea was popularised in the first half of the 20th century by James Churchward in such speculative books as ‘The Children of Mu’ (1931), ‘The Lost Continent of Mu’ (1933) and ‘The Sacred Symbols of Mu’ (1935). Nowadays, the idea of Mu retains no serious scientific value whatsoever, having been relegated to the sphere of New Age spirituality. In the 1930’s however, Atatürk promoted research on Mu in the hope of establishing connections between Turkey and (other) ancient cultures, even including native American cultures such as Maya and Aztec.

Mu is a popular topic in literature it was used by horror writer H.P. Lovecraft in his Cthulhu books, for example

[Marduk2012 Profile]

Lemuria

Lemuria is the name of a hypothetical "lost land" variously located in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The concept's 19th century origins lie in attempts to account for discontinuities in biogeography. The concept of Lemuria has been rendered obsolete by modern understanding of plate tectonics. Although sunken continents do exist like Zealandia in the Pacific and the Kerguelen Plateau in the Indian Ocean. Lemuria has been adopted by writers involved in the occult, as well as some Tamil writers of India. Accounts of Lemuria differ, but all share a common belief that a continent existed in ancient times and sank beneath the ocean as a result of a geological, often cataclysmic, change.


The Kerguelen Plateau was formed starting 110 million years ago from a series of large volcanic eruptions. The presence of soil layers in the basalt with included charcoal and conglomerate fragments of gneiss indicate that much of the plateau was above sea level as what is termed a microcontinent for three periods between 100 million years ago and 20 million years ago. The Kerguelen continent might have had tropical flora and fauna about 50 million years ago. It finally sank 20 million years ago and is now 1 – 2 km below sea level the sedimentary rocks similar to the ones found in Australia and India, suggesting they were once connected.


Topography of Zealandia. The linear ridges running north-northeast and southwest away from New Zealand are not considered part of the continent, nor are Australia (upper left), Fiji or Vanuatu (top centre)
Zealandia , also known as Tasmantis or the New Zealand continent, is a nearly submerged continent or microcontinent that sank after breaking away from Antarctica between 85 and 130 million years ago, and then from Australia 60-85 million years ago. It may have been completely submerged about 23 million years ago, and most of it (93%) remains submerged beneath the Pacific Ocean.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/353277.stm

A recovered sample of the 'lost continent':


Though living lemur species are only found in Madagascar and several surrounding islands, the biogeography of extinct lemurs extends from Pakistan to Malaysia. The wide range of the animals inspired the name Lemuria, which was coined in 1864 by the zoologist Philip Sclater in an article "The Mammals of Madagascar" in The Quarterly Journal of Science. Puzzled by the presence of fossil lemurs in both Madagascar and India, but not in Africa nor the Middle East, Sclater proposed that Madagascar and India had once been part of a larger continent.

Sclater's theory was hardly unusual for his time. The acceptance of Darwinism led scientists to seek to trace the diffusion of species from their points of evolutionary origin. Prior to the acceptance of continental drift, biologists frequently postulated submerged land masses in order to account for populations of land-based species now separated by barriers of water. Similarly, geologists tried to account for striking resemblances of rock formations on different continents. The first systematic attempt was made by Melchior Neumayr in his book Erdgeschichte in 1887. Many hypothetical submerged land bridges and continents were proposed during the 19th century, in order to account for the present distribution of species.

After gaining some acceptance within the scientific community, the concept of Lemuria began to appear in the works of other scholars. Ernst Haeckel, a German Darwinian taxonomist, proposed Lemuria as an explanation for the absence of "missing link" fossil records. According to another source, Haeckel put forward this thesis prior to Sclater (but without using the name 'Lemuria'). Locating the origins of the human species on this lost continent, he claimed the fossil record could not be found because it had sunk beneath the sea. Other scientists hypothesized that Lemuria had extended across parts of the Pacific oceans, seeking to explain distributions of species across Asia and the Americas.

The Lemuria theory disappeared completely from conventional scientific consideration after the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift were accepted by the larger scientific community. According to the theory of plate tectonics (now the only accepted paradigm in geology), Madagascar and India were indeed once part of the same landmass (thus accounting for geological resemblances), but plate movement caused India to break away millions of years ago, and move to its present location. The original landmass broke apart - it did not sink beneath sea level. However, as Madagascar and India separated approximately 90 million years ago, long before lemurs existed, their former union does not account for the distribution of lemurs.

In 1999, drilling by the JOIDES Resolution research vessel in the Indian Ocean discovered evidence that a large island, the Kerguelen Plateau, was submerged about 20 million years ago by rising sea levels. Samples showed pollen and fragments of wood in a 90 million-year-old sediment. Although this discovery might encourage scholars to expect similarities in dinosaur fossil evidence, and may contribute to understanding the breakup of the Indian and Australian land masses, it does not support the concept of Lemuria as a land bridge for mammals.

Madame Blavatsky's Lemuria

Lemuria entered the lexicon of the Occult through the works of Madame Helena Blavatsky, who claimed in the 1880s to have been shown an ancient, pre-Atlantean Book of Dzyan by the Mahatmas. According to L. Sprague de Camp, Blavatsky was influenced by other writers on the theme of Lost Continents, notably Ignatius L. Donnelly, American cult leader Thomas Lake Harris and the French writer Louis Jacolliot.



Within Blavatsky's complex cosmology, which includes seven "Root Races", Lemuria was occupied by the "Third Root Race", described as about seven foot tall, sexually hermaphroditic, egg-laying, mentally undeveloped and spiritually more pure than the following "Root Races". Before the coming of the Lemurians, the second "Root Race" is said to have dwelled in Hyperborea. After the subsequent creation of mammals, Mme Blavatsky revealed to her readers, some Lemurians turned to bestiality. The gods, aghast at the behavior of these "mindless" men, sank Lemuria into the ocean and created a "Fourth Root Race"—endowed with intellect—on Atlantis.

One of the most elaborate accounts of lost continents was given by the later theosophical author William Scott Elliott. The English theosophist said he received his knowledge from the Theosophical Masters by "astral clairvoyance." In 1896, in "The Story of Atlantis & The Lost Lemuria", he described the continent of Lemuria as stretching from the east coast of Africa across the Indian and the Pacific Oceans.

James Bramwell described Lemuria in his book, Lost Atlantis, as “a continent that occupied a large part of what is now the South Pacific Ocean.” Bramwell described the people of Lemuria in detail and attributed them with being one of the “root-races of humanity.” According to Bramwell, Lemurians are the ascendants of the Atlanteans, who survived the period “of the general racial decadence which affected the Lemurians in the last stages of their evolution.” From “a select division of” the Atlanteans - after their promotion to decadence - Bramwell claims the Aryan race arose. “Lemurians, Atlanteans, and Aryans are root-races of humanity,” according to Bramwell.

James Churchward, another prolific writer on the theme of lost lands, identified Lemuria with Mu.



Is Nan Madol Lemuria ?

Nan Madol is a ruined city that lies off the eastern shore of the island of Pohnpei (presently one of the four states in the Federated States of Micronesia) and used to be the capital of the Saudeleur dynasty until about AD 1500. The city consists of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals and is often called the Venice of the Pacific. The name Nan Madol means "spaces between" and is a reference to the canals that criss-cross the ruins. Nan Madol was the ceremonial and political seat of the Saudeleur dynasty, which united Pohnpei's estimated 25,000 people. Set apart on the main island of Pohnpei, it was a scene of human activity as early as the first or second century AD. By the 8th or 9th century islet construction had started, but the distinctive megalithic architecture was probably not begun until perhaps the 12th or early 13th century.



Little can be verified about the megalithic construction. Pohnpeian tradition claims that the builders of the Lelu complex on Kosrae (likewise composed of huge stone buildings) migrated to Pohnpei, where they used their skills and experience to build the even more impressive Nan Madol complex. Like Lelu, one major purpose of constructing a separate city was to insulate the nobility from the common people.
map of central Nan Madol



A local story holds that when Nan Madol was being built a powerful magician living in the well inhabited region on the northwest of the island was solicited, and that his help was a major factor in completing the building. In particular, he was responsible for supplying the huge stone "logs" used in much of Nan Madol by "flying" them from their source to the construction site. The elite centre was a special place of residence for the nobility and of mortuary activities presided over by priests. Its population almost certainly did not exceed 1,000, and may have been less than half that. Although many of the residents were chiefs, the majority were commoners. Nan Madol served, in part, as a means by which the ruling Saudeleur chiefs both organized and controlled potential rivals by requiring them to live in the city rather than in their home districts, where their activities were difficult to monitor.



Madol Powe, the mortuary sector, contains 58 islets in the northeastern area of Nan Madol. Most islets were once occupied by the dwellings of priests. Some islets served special purpose, like food preparation on Usennamw, canoe construction on Dapahu, and coconut oil preparation on Peinering. High walls surrounding tombs are located on Peinkitel, Karian, and Lemenkou, but the crowning achievement is the royal mortuary islet of Nandauwas, where walls of 18 to 25 feet (7.6 m) high surround a central tomb enclosure within the main courtyard.



Supposedly there was an escape tunnel beginning at the center of Nan Madol and boring down through the reef to exit into the ocean. Scuba divers continue to look for this "secret" route, but so far a complete tunnel has yet to be discovered.

Today Nan Madol forms an archaeological district covering more than 18 km² and includes the stone architecture built up on a coral reef flat along the shore of Temwen Island, several other artificial islets, and the adjacent Pohnpei main island coastline. The site core with its stone walls encloses an area approximately 1.5 km long by 0.5 km wide and it contains nearly 100 artificial islets - stone and coral fill platforms - bordered by tidal canals.

Carbon dating indicates that the construction of Nan Madol began around AD 1200, while excavations show that the area may have been occupied as early as 200 BC. Some probable quarry sites around the island have been identified, but the exact origin of the stones of Nan Madol is yet undetermined. None of the proposed quarry sites exist in Madolenihmw, meaning that the stones must have been transported to their current location. It has been suggested that they might have been floated via raft from the quarry, but no one has successfully demonstrated the process. Archaeologists have yet to unravel the mystery, and some modern Pohnpeians believe the stones were flown to the island by use of black magic; however, a short dive between the island and the quarries shows a trail of dropped stones.

In 1985, the ruins of Nan Madol were declared a National Historical Landmark. Currently, a greater effort is being made to preserve them. Permission for a visit is necessary and a small fee is charged.

[Marduk2012 Profile]

[Lowsix Profile]

lol wow man you REALLY brought it on that one.

Thanks for doing all that work.
Will take a bit to dig thru it, and you know i will.

The only thing i can take issue with is the Google Images Seabed Grid.
Those came from the paths of the sonar dragging ships, which were of a different type than normally employed..they were smaller, and used a less sophisticaed sonar, and they left traces of their dragging grid, which appeared on Goggle earth as City Lines (which would make the worlds largest city at 167 miles to a side..lol)

other than that, great piece of work man..

[Cornbread714 Profile]

I decided if I'm going to have anything to contribute to this discussion, I had better start at the source. Here's a translation of Plato's writings on the subject, I'll be wading through this for awhile before I make any further comments.

http://www.activemind.com/Mysterious/To ... itias.html

[Ph0enix Profile YIM]

"PERFEKSHUN"

I can only add one thing to this. A POSSIBLE explination of what happened to at least some of them;

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This is the theory I like. There are no mountains without subduction. Where do this under ocean ridges come from if not for something large pushing them upward?

[Marduk2012 Profile]

Hyborian Age is a period in the past, circa 14,000 BC to 10,000 BC.









How earth became what it is today, and what it will be in the future

[Marduk2012 Profile]

Hyperborea



The Hyperboreans were a mythical people who were located far to the north of Thrace. The Greeks believed that Boreas, the North Wind,
lived in Thrace. The people there were a blessed, long-lived race free of war, hard toil, and the ravages of old age and disease.
Apollo would always spend his winter with them. The Hyperboreans in return sent mysterious gifts, packed with straw that came
first to Dodona and then were passed from people to people until they finally reached Apollo's temple on Delos.

-- Let us look each other in the face. We are Hyperboreans -- we know well enough how remote our place is. "Neither by land nor by water will you find the road to the Hyperboreans": even Pindar, in his day, knew that much about us. Beyond the North, beyond the ice, beyond death -- our life, our happiness...We have discovered that happiness; we know the way; we got our knowledge of it from thousands of years in the labyrinth. Who else has found it? -- The man of today? -- "I don't know either the way out or the way in; I am whatever doesn't know either the way out or the way in" -- so sighs the man of today... This is the sort of modernity that made us ill, -- we sickened on lazy peace, cowardly compromise, the whole virtuous dirtiness of the modern Yes and No. This tolerance and largeur of the heart that "forgives" everything because it "understands" everything is a sirocco to us. Rather live amid the ice than among modern virtues and other such south-winds! . . . We were brave enough; we spared neither ourselves nor others; but we were a long time finding out where to direct our courage. We grew dismal; they called us fatalists. Our fate -- it was the fulness, the tension, the storing up of powers. We thirsted for the lightnings and great deeds; we kept as far as possible from the happiness of the weakling, from "resignation" . . . There was thunder in our air; nature, as we embodied it, became overcast -- for we had not yet found the way. The formula of our happiness: a Yes, a No, a straight line, a goal..

Friedrich Nietzsche

According to Pliny, the Hyperboreans lived beyond the Ripaean mountains (which is a generic term for the mountains of Northern Europe and Russia.) They are a happy race, and "all discord and all sorrow is unknown." The Hyperboreans live to extreme old age, dying by leaping off a certain rock into the sea after having a full life. The sun rises in the midsummer, and then sets in midwinter, and there is a "delightful climate." Pliny goes on to say that "Some authorities have placed these people not in Europe but on the nearest part of the coasts of Asia, because there is a race there with similar customs and a similar location, named the Attaci."

Along with Thule, Hyperborea was one of several terrae incognitae to the Greeks and Romans, where Pliny and Herodotus, as well as Virgil and Cicero, reported that people lived to the age of one thousand and enjoyed lives of complete happiness. Hecataeus of Abdera collated all the stories about the Hyperboreans current in the fourth century BC and published a lengthy treatise on them, lost to us, but noted by Lord Moloch. Much of the detail concerning their understanding of the Hyperboreans the Greeks attibuted to Aristeas. According to Herodotus, Aristeas had written a hexameter poem (now lost) about a journey to the Issedones. Beyond these lived the one-eyed Arimaspians, further on there were gold-guarding griffins, and beyond these the Hyperboreans. Hesiod mentioned the Hyperboreans, Herodotus reported, though the text is now lost, "and Homer also in the Epigoni, if that be really a work of his". Also, the sun was supposed to rise and set only once a year in Hyperborea; which would place it above or upon the Arctic Circle, or, more generally, in the arctic polar regions.

In maps based on reference points and descriptions given by Strabo, Hyperborea, shown variously as a peninsula or island, is located beyond France and has a greater latitudinal than longitudinal extent. Other descriptions put it in the general area of the Ural Mountains.




Blavatsky, Rene Guenon and Julius Evola all shared the belief in the Hyperborean, polar origins of mankind and a subsequent solidification and devolution.. According to these esoterists, Hyperborea was the Golden Age polar center of civilization and spirituality. Some mythology experts consider Hyperborea to be nothing else than Shambala in European legends, although with a different name. Some of them placed Hyperborea to the present Chinese autonomous area Xinjiang.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ... entMap.jpg
Hyperborea was once believed to be an actual place, as it was cited by various famous historians, such as Virgil, Cicero, and Pliny the Elder. The sun was said to only set and rise once per year, which would point to it being the North Pole. Maps were even drawn depicting the land of Hyperborea (upper right hand corner)



A short documentary about the effects of global warming on the traditional Inupiaq way of life.

Conan: The Barbarian
Hyperboreans are the inhabitants in Robert E. Howard's fictional world of
Conan: The Barbarian (pictured below). Unlike the Hyperboreans of the ancient
Greek times who were thought of as being a happy, friendly, and constantly feasting
people, the Hyperboreans in Howard's world are thought of as being harsh and twisted.

[Marduk2012 Profile]

Could Sardinia be the lost island of Atlantis?


Top scholars have gathered in Rome recently to discuss the exciting and controversial idea that Sardinia is the lost island of Atlantis.

The theory, developed in a book by the Italian journalist Sergio Frau, has drawn international acclaim but also fuelled heated criticism.

Despite selling 30,000 copies in Italy, a detailed 20-point appeal by 250 academics has dismissed the book, claiming it sensationalises Sardinian history.

But the theory received a major boost last year, when the United Nations cultural heritage body UNESCO organised a symposium on the issue in Paris, suggesting the idea was worth serious consideration. Academics, archaeologists, geologists and historians from across Italy have met in Rome’s Accademia dei Lincei to look at the theory in closer depth and discuss possible paths of future research.

The meeting has also been timed to coincide with the opening of an exhibition on Frau’s ideas, originally shown in Paris last year. Atlantika uses Frau’s book, The Pillars of Hercules, as a springboard for exploring theories and ideas on the legendary island and its whereabouts. Neither the location nor the existence of Atlantis have ever been confirmed.

The first documented mention of the island dates back to ancient Greek philosopher Plato – circa 427-347 BC – who said it was destroyed by a natural disaster, possibly a tsunami.

Traditional theories have placed it somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean because Plato said it was beyond the Pillars of Hercules which, according to another ancient writer, Erathosthenes, were at the Straits of Gibraltar.

But Frau believes Erathosthenes, a librarian and geographer who lived in Alexandria in the third and second centuries BC, got it wrong and that the Pillars of Hercules were actually on Sicily.

Frau had his brainwave after seeing a print of two maps of the Mediterranean as it was in the Bronze Age.

One showed Tunisia and Sicily almost touching; the other, of the Straits of Gibraltar, was remarkably similar .

Frau thinks Erathosthenes moved the pillars because in the 120 years between Plato’s era and his, the Greek world changed dramatically, and the strait between Sicily and Africa was no longer at the outer reaches of the Empire.

Furthermore, geological shifts and rising sea levels widened the distance between Tunisia and Sicily, contributing to Erathosthenes’ mistake and reinforcing it over time.

If the Pillars of Hercules really were in Sicily, Sardinia would be the obvious location for Atlantis.

Frau’s research has revealed that the Nuragic civilisation – named after the Nuraghes (stone towers) that were built on the island – flourished on Shardana (Sardinia) between 1400-1200 BC .

A catastrophic event, possibly a tsunami, is thought to have wiped the Nuragic people off Sardinia during the Bronze Age, around 1178-1175 BC .

Although Plato dated Atlantis to 9,000 years before his time, many historians think he meant 900 years, basing their judgments on his descriptions of the writing and bronze to be found on the island .

Furthermore, if the Pillars of Hercules were moved to the Straits of Sicily, Frau argues that many classical writings become more accurate in geographical terms.

For example, Herodotus writes of Corsica and the ancient city of Tartessos in one story as if they were near one another. If Tartessos were beyond the Pillars of Hercules in Gibraltar, the journey from there to Corsica would take more than a month by boat .

Another writer, Dicearcus, says that the end of the Adriatic is further from Greece than the Pillars of Hercules. “Malta and Gozo square up with this description, but not Gibraltar,” Frau said.
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Theories of Atlantis' Location

Most of the historically proposed locations are in or near the Mediterranean Sea: islands such as Sardinia, Crete and Santorini, Sicily, Cyprus, and Malta; land-based cities or states such as Troy, Tartessos, and Tantalus (in the province of Manisa), Turkey; and Israel-Sinai or Canaan. In the area of the Black Sea the following locations have been proposed: Bosporus and Ancomah (a legendary place near Trabzon). The Sea of Azov was proposed in 2003.

The location of Atlantis in the Atlantic Ocean has certain appeal given the closely related names. Several hypotheses place the sunken island in northern Europe, including Sweden or in the North Sea. Some have proposed the Celtic Shelf and Andalusia as possible locations, and that there is a link to Ireland. The Canary Islands have also been identified as a possible location, west of the Straits of Gibraltar but in proximity to the Mediterranean Sea. Various islands or island groups in the Atlantic were also identified as possible locations, notably the Azores.

Caribbean locations such as Cuba, the Bahamas, and the Bermuda Triangle have been proposed as sites of Atlantis. Areas in the Pacific and Indian Oceans have also been proposed including Indonesia, Malaysia or both and stories of a lost continent off India named "Kumari Kandam" have inspired some to draw parallels to Atlantis, as has the Yonaguni formation of Japan. Antarctica has also been suggested.

The concept of Atlantis attracted Nazi theorists. In 1938, SS Officer Heinrich Himmler organized a search in Tibet to find a remnant of the Aryan Atlanteans. According to Julius Evola, writing in 1934, the Atlanteans were Hyperboreans—Nordic supermen who originated on the North Pole. Similarly, Alfred Rosenberg (The Myth of the Twentieth Century, 1930) spoke of a "Nordic-Atlantean" or "Aryan-Nordic" master race.

Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis
http://www.independent.com.mt
http://www.unmuseum.org
http://naturalplane.blogspot.com/

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ATLANTROPA





Atlantropa was a gigantic engineering and colonization project devised by the German architect Herman Sörgel in the 1920s and propagated by him until his death in 1952. Its central feature was a hydroelectric dam to be built across the Strait of Gibraltar, and the lowering of the surface of the Mediterranean Sea by as much as 200 metres.

The ultimate, Utopian goal of the project was to solve all the major problems of European civilization by the creation of a new continent, "Atlantropa", consisting of Europe and Africa and to be inhabited by Europeans. Sörgel was convinced that to remain competitive with the Americas and an emerging Oriental "Pan-Asia" Europe must become self-sufficient, and this meant possessing territories in all climate zones hence colonizing Africa was necessary. The lowering of the Mediterranean would enable the production of immense amounts of electric power, guaranteeing the growth of industry. Vast tracts of land would be freed for agriculture including the Sahara desert, which was to be irrigated with the help of three sea-sized man made lakes throughout Africa. The massive public works, envisioned to go on for more than a century, would relieve unemployment and the acquisition of new land would ease the pressure of overpopulation, which Sörgel thought were the fundamental causes of political unrest in Europe. Sörgel also believed the project's effect on the climate could only be beneficial. The Middle East, under the control of a consolidated Atlantropa, would be an additional energy source and a bulwark against the Yellow peril.



The publicity materials produced for Atlantropa by Sörgel and his supporters contain plans, maps, and scale models of several dams and new ports on the Mediterranean, views of the Gibraltar dam crowned by a 400-metre tower designed by Peter Behrens, projections of the growth of agricultural production, sketches for a pan-Atlantropan power grid, and even provisions for the protection of Venice as a cultural landmark. Concerns about climate change, earthquakes, attacks, and the fate of African culture are often ignored as being unimportant.

The project never gained substantial support despite its fantastic scale and eurocentric expansionism. Under the Nazi regime the plan was ridiculed as it was against the idea of a Eurasian German Empire. The Italians never supported the idea, as their cities were so dependent on the coastlines. After the Second World War interest was piqued as the allies sought to create closer bonds with Africa and combat communism, but the invention of nuclear power, the cost of rebuilding, and the end of colonialism left Atlantropa technologically and politically unnecessary, although the Atlantropa Institute remained in existence until 1960.



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